[123], As the empire expanded into areas of less dense indigenous populations, the crown created a chain of presidios, military forts or garrisons, that provided Spanish settlers protection from Indian attacks. [34], Venezuela was first visited by Europeans during the 1490s, when Columbus was in control of the region, and the region as a source for indigenous slaves for Spaniards in Cuba and Hispaniola, since the Spanish destruction of the local indigenous population. 1492: La Navidad is established on the island of Hispaniola; it was destroyed by the following year. The colonies grew both geographically along the Atlantic coast and westward and numerically to 13 from the time of their founding to the American Revolution (1775-81). The Libertadores (Spanish and Portuguese for "Liberators") were the principal leaders of the Spanish American wars of independence. Farriss, Nancy Marguerite. The Spanish dreamed of mountains of gold and silver and imagined converting thousands . [48] The crown later sent him to Asuncin, Paraguay to be adelantado there. [157] The story of Doa Marina, also known as Malinche, was the subject of a Mexican TV miniseries in 2018. He wrote many petitions, treatises, and books on the subject of the Spanish conquest of the Americas.His most famous works included the Historia apologtica (Apologetic History) and the Brevsima relacin de la destruccin de las Indias (A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies).The former was written as an introduction to a proposed . 1. [80], The indigenous populations in the Caribbean became the focus of the crown in its roles as sovereigns of the empire and patron of the Catholic Church. "Questionnaires from the Trial of the Second Marqus del Valle for Conspiracy, 1566" in, Fernndez de Recas, Guillermo S. Cacicazgos y nobiliario indgena de la Nueva Espaa. 1500-1533) fill up a large room once with gold and twice with silver in exchange for his freedom. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. from other nations, thus boosting its colonial popula-tion. He was driven from his home by the thousands, starved, beaten, raped, and murdered with impunity. Peru was the last territory in the continent under Spanish rule, which ended on 9 December 1824 at the Battle of Ayacucho (Spanish rule continued until 1898 in Cuba and Puerto Rico). Spaniards also imported citrus trees, establishing orchards of oranges, lemons, and limes, and grapefruit. He then founded the settlement of La Isabela on the island they named Hispaniola (now divided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic). Religion played an important role in the Spanish conquest and incorporation of indigenous peoples, bringing them into the Catholic Church peacefully or by force. "[126] On the frontier of empire, Indians were seen as sin razn, ("without reason"); non-Indian populations were described as gente de razn ("people of reason"), who could be mixed-race castas or black and had greater social mobility in frontier regions. 5, pp. Audiencia judgments and other functions became more tied to the locality and less to the crown and impartial justice. The Viceroyalty of Per was established in 1542. Spanish universities expanded to train lawyer-bureaucrats (letrados) for administrative positions in Spain and its overseas empire. The labor of dense populations of Tainos were allocated as grants to Spanish settlers in an institution known as the encomienda, where particular indigenous settlements were awarded to individual Spaniards. During the Napoleonic Peninsular War in Europe between France and Spain, assemblies called juntas were established to rule in the name of Ferdinand VII of Spain. He was subsequently tried and convicted of cruelty to both natives and colonists and banished from New Mexico for life.[52]. The Spanish founded San Sebastin de Uraba in 1509 but abandoned it within the year. The successes of Columbus ushered in an era of Spanish conquest that led numerous other European explorers to attempt similar colonization projects. the stock market crash of 1929 caused the great depression. Crown approval through the Council of the Indies was needed for the establishment of bishoprics, building of churches, appointment of all clerics. Spanish expansion into modern-day Mexico that Spanish explorers were able to find wealth on the scale that they had been hoping for. [78] Then the first such in 1542; the legal thought behind them was the basis of modern International law. Charles sought to be elected Holy Roman Emperor and was willing to pay whatever it took to achieve that. Francisco de Ibarra led an expedition from Zacatecas in northern New Spain, and founded Durango. In 1542 Dominican friar Bartolom de Las Casas wrote a damning account of this demographic catastrophe, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies. In Peru, Spaniards founded the city of Lima as their capital and its nearby port of Callao, rather than the high-altitude site of Cuzco, the center of Inca rule. Why can't they treat the native people with respect? From decades of research, he made estimates for the pre-contact population and the history of demographic decline during the Spanish and post-Spanish periods. The region overseen by the archbishop was divided into large units, the diocese, headed by a bishop. The population of the Native American population in Mexico declined by an estimated 90% (reduced to 12.5 million people) by the early 17th century. American colonies, also called thirteen colonies or colonial America, the 13 British colonies that were established during the 17th and early 18th centuries in what is now a part of the eastern United States. [113], Spanish settlers sought to live in towns and cities, with governance being accomplished through the town council or Cabildo. Cane sugar imported from the Old World was a high value, a low bulk export product that became the bulwark of tropical economies of the Caribbean islands and coastal Tierra Firme (the Spanish Main), as well as Portuguese Brazil. Ordo Ab Chao (Quizzaciously Sesquipedalianized Eleemosynary), The Aztecs witnessed the smallpox epidemic's destruction personally, and this was described in the Florentine Codex. Viceroys were responsible for good governance of their territories, economic development, and humane treatment of the indigenous populations.[107]. The British Empire offered support, wanting to end the Spanish monopoly on trade with its colonies in the Americas. During the 1500s, Spain expanded its colonial empire to the Philippines in the Far East and to areas in the Americas that later became the United States. [127], Christian evangelization of non-Christian peoples was a key factor in Spaniards' justification of the conquest of indigenous peoples in what was called "the spiritual conquest". Gold existed in only small amounts, and the indigenous peoples died off in massive numbers. Until his dying day, Columbus was convinced that he had reached Asia, the Indies. Q4 . This is most clearly seen in conquest of Mexico with the alliance of the Nahua city-state of Tlaxcala against the Aztec Empire resulting in lasting benefits to themselves and their descendants. Often they erected a church on the site of an indigenous temple. Inquisitional powers were initially vested in bishops, who could root out idolatry and heresy. Prominent Dominican friars in Santo Domingo, especially Antonio de Montesinos and Bartolom de Las Casas denounced the maltreatment and pressed the crown to act to protect the indigenous populations. He became deeply indebted to the German Welser and Fugger banking families. A well-connected settler in Cuba, Hernn Corts received authorization in 1519 by the governor of Cuba to form an expedition of exploration-only to this far western region. Las Casas spent his long life attempting to defend the indigenous populations and to enlist the Spanish crown in establishing protections for them, seen most prominently in the enactment of the New Laws of 1542, restricting Spaniards' inheritance of encomiendas. AMH2010 InQuizitive Chapter 1 Flashcards | Quizlet Spaniards had some knowledge of the existing indigenous practices of labor and tribute, so that learning in more detail what tribute particular regions delivered to the Aztec Empire prompted the creation of Codex Mendoza, a codification for Spanish use. Columbus, in his voyage, sought fame and fortune, as did his Spanish sponsors. The monarchy was abolished and the republic was restored on 21 September 1979. The vast majority of the decline happened after the Spanish period, during the Mexican and US periods of Californian history (18211910), with the most dramatic collapse (200,000 to 25,000) occurring in the US period (18461910). [115] They were in charge of distributing land to the neighbors, establishing local taxes, dealing with the public order, inspecting jails and hospitals, preserving the roads and public works such as irrigation ditchs and bridges, supervising the public health, regulating the festive activities, monitoring market prices, or the protection of Indians. Rodrigo de Bastidas was first to establish Spain's claim to the isthmus, sailing along the Darin coast in March 1501, but he made no settlement. [158] A major production in Mexico was the 1998 film, The Other Conquest, which focuses on a Nahua in the post-conquest era and the evangelization of central Mexico. It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting to subdue the mightiest empire in the Americas. In 1898, the United States achieved victory in the SpanishAmerican War with Spain, ending the Spanish colonial era. Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. [15], Spaniards spent over 25 years in the Caribbean where their initial high hopes of dazzling wealth gave way to continuing exploitation of disappearing indigenous populations, exhaustion of local gold mines, initiation of cane sugar cultivation as an export product, and forced migration of enslaved Africans as a labor force. "The 1539 inquisition and trial of Don Carlos of Texcoco in early Mexico.". [13] American-born elite men complained bitterly about the change, since they lost access to power that they had enjoyed for nearly a century.[109]. respond to failed pueblo revolt in 1598?, The ---1-- of the Spanish Armada by the --2-- empire demonstrated a more --3-- ships against a much larger warships. In areas of sparse population, ranching of cattle (ganado mayor) and smaller livestock (ganado menor) such as sheep and goats ranged widely and were largely feral. There was surface gold found in early islands, and holders of encomiendas put the indigenous to work panning for it. Each order set up networks of parishes in the various regions (provinces), sited in existing indigenous settlements, where Christian churches were built and where evangelization of the indigenous was based. Neither was effective in its purpose. Zumrraga was reprimanded for his actions as exceeding his authority. After the 1550s, the crown increasingly favored the diocesan clergy over the religious orders. [161], The Mission was a 1996 film idealizing a Jesuit mission to the Guaran in the territory disputed between Spain and Portugal. Inspired by tales of rivers of gold and timid, malleable native peoples, later Spanish explorers were relentless in their quest for land and gold. More spanish blood equaled more power. Venezuela: The Colonial Era in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. Central America - The Spanish conquest | Britannica Horses that escaped Spanish control were captured by indigenous; many indigenous also raided for horses. Works by historians in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have expanded the understanding of the impact of the Spanish conquest and changes during the more than three hundred years of Spanish rule. The two major colonial powers in Latin America were Spain and Portugal.. [122], Most Spanish settlers came to the Indies as permanent residents, established families and businesses, and sought advancement in the colonial system, such as membership of cabildos, so that they were in the hands of local, American-born (crillo) elites. 1 (2012): 26-40. The early Caribbean proved a massive disappointment for Spaniards, who had hoped to find mineral wealth and exploitable indigenous populations. As the colonial economy became more diversified and less dependent on these mechanisms for the accumulation of wealth, the indigenous noblemen became less important for the economy. In the first settlements in the Caribbean, the Spaniards deliberately brought animals and plants that transformed the ecological landscape. The governors exercised judicial ordinary functions of first instance, and prerogatives of government legislating by ordinances. The United States took occupation of Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. It was translated quickly to English and became the basis for the anti-Spanish writings, collectively known as the Black Legend.
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