The Lancet 395 (10223), 497506. Cel Mol Biol 54 (3), 370383. Also, thrombocytopenia and thrombosis have been mostly reported after AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) and Johnson & Johnson/Janssen COVID-19 vaccines [ 3 ]. J. Respir. Phytomedicine 85, 153315. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153315, Zhou, Z., Wang, S.-Q., Liu, Y., and Miao, A.-D. (2006). In these patients, white blood cells count, neutrophil count and D-dimer level keep rising while lymphocyte count keeps decreasing as the disease progresses. ACS Nano 14 (4), 38223835. COVID-19; abnormal lung humoral metabolism; drug; pulmonary edema; syndrome coronavirus 2; traditional Chinese medicine. Clinical Course and Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a Single-Centered, Retrospective, Observational Study. 97 (18), 1028210287. COPD and asthma cause your airways to swell and become blocked with mucus, which can make it hard to breathe. (2020). Xue-Bi-Jing injection may act in COVID-19 by anti-inflammatory, anticoagulation, immune regulation, vascular endothelial protection, anti-oxidative stress and other mechanisms (Li et al., 2021). [Effect of Astragali Radix in Improving Early Renal Damage in Metabolic Syndrome Rats through ACE2/Mas Pathway]. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 36 (6), 420425. A., Auerbach, S. D., Husted, R. F., Volk, K. A., Ageloff, S., Knepper, M. A., et al. SODIUM CHANNELS IN ALVEOLAR EPITHELIAL CELLS: Molecular Characterization, Biophysical Properties, and Physiological Significance. Delayed Large Local Reactions to mRNA Vaccines | NEJM Cause of COVID-19 pulmonary edema. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and the ENaC located in the airway apical membranes and alveolar epithelial cells are essential in regulating lung fluid balance across airway as the chloride (Cl) and bicarbonate (HCO3) secretion conduits, and alveolar epithelia by sodium (Na+) ion absorption (Matalon, 1999; Birket et al., 2016; Londino et al., 2017). When to. Drugs targeting at least some of these proteins have already existed and could be repurposed to manage pulmonary edema seen in SARS-COV-2 infections. Artif Intell Med. 308 (11), L1136L1144. Pulmonary Interstitial Pressure and Proteoglycans during Development of Pulmonary Edema. Cough Reflex Testing with Inhaled Capsaicin and TRPV1 Activation in Asthma and Comorbid Conditions. doi:10.1002/jmv.25761, Luo, X., Ni, X., Lin, J., Zhang, Y., Wu, L., Huang, D., et al. 104, 81125. TRPV4: Physiological Role and Therapeutic Potential in Respiratory Diseases. Physiol. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.5.2514, Chow, Y.-H., Wang, Y., Plumb, J., O'Brodovich, H., and Hu, J. The combination of the two can lead to pneumonia and other serious respiratory illnesses. Immunol. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00161.2020. (2020). doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.017, Xu, Z., Shi, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Huang, L., Zhang, C., et al. (2021). Would you like email updates of new search results? Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes Are Susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 Infection. (2005). It is known that SARS-CoV-2 invades human cells by binding angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor and other membrane ectopeptidases (Xu et al., 2020). Potassium channels up-regulate ENaC expression via activating KvLQT1 pathway so as to control AFC (Bardou et al., 2012). doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.20022673, Alvarez, D. F., King, J. (2020c). Resolving D1 (Wang et al., 2014), generated from -3 fatty docosahexaenoic acids, and ursodeoxycholic acid (Niu et al., 2019) can stimulate AFC and Na-K-ATPase in LPS-induced pulmonary edema via alveolar epithelial sodium channel and ALX/cAMP/PI3K pathway, respectively. According to previous studies, activation of AT1 receptor inhibits AFC by down-regulating cAMP and dysregulating ENaC expression, leading to Ang II-dependent pulmonary edema and alveolar filling increase (Deng et al., 2012). doi:10.1038/labinvest.2016.150, Zhang, P. h., Han, J., Cao, F., Liu, Y. j., Tian, C., Wu, C. h., et al. Subjects 1760 (1), 19. It has already been shown that the dysregulated release of cytokines is one of the key factors behind poor outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Res. 92 (6), 693697. doi:10.1016/s1875-5364(18)30123-7, Zhang, D., Zhang, B., Lv, J.-T., Sa, R.-N., Zhang, X.-M., and Lin, Z.-J. J. Physiol. doi:10.1007/s00210-014-1058-1, Grant, R. A., Morales-Nebreda, L., Morales-Nebreda, L., Markov, N. S., Swaminathan, S., Querrey, M., et al. Physiol. It not only can induce de novo synthesis of ENaC and affect ENaC regulatory pathway, but also has an impact on cytokines. Mol. Medicines 16 (11), 811828. In addition, HA is a part of a three-dimensional matrix in pulmonary interstitial, which consists of HA, PGs and fibrillar macromolecules providing resistance to tissue compression and interstitial fluid expansion (Negrini et al., 2008).When PGs and HA interact with collagen IV, a fibrillar macromolecule modulating capillary permeability in the vascular basement membrane, the compound substance limit fluid influx into the interstitium. MeSH The Current Evidence for the Treatment of Sepsis with Xuebijing Injection: Bioactive Constituents, Findings of Clinical Studies and Potential Mechanisms. doi:10.5582/ddt.2020.03070, Ahmed, M. H., and Hassan, A. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00078.2015, Wsten-van Asperen, R. M., Lutter, R., Specht, P. A., Moll, G. N., van Woensel, J. Regulation of Alveolar Fluid Clearance and ENaC Expression in Lung by Exogenous Angiotensin II. Efficacy of Tocilizumab in Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. 108 (6), 11851194. (2020). Nonetheless, little attention has been paid to CD44 in COVID-19 treatment. 2 3 Postauthorisation reports of severe reactions, including anaphylaxis, have been extremely rare, occurring in only 4.5 reported cases per million doses. Meanwhile, the number of patients in the treatment group presenting improved PaO2/FiO2 and ROX index was higher than that of the control group (95.2% vs. 68.4% and 73.7%). J. Biol. 2021 Jan;93(1):94-96. doi: 10.1002/jmv.26152. Moreover, it has been revealed that exosomes derived from human adipocyte can inhibit TRPV4-mediated calcium influx and thus protect mice against ventilator-induced lung injury (Yu et al., 2020). SN Compr. Patients receive high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), non-invasive ventilation (NIV), mechanical ventilation or ECMO as respiratory supports (Guo et al., 2020; Pascarella et al., 2020), a crystalloid fluid to ensure body fluid equilibrium (Christ-Crain et al., 2020), and anticoagulants for restraining the thrombus formation to aid in circulatory support (Connors and Levy, 2020).
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